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Cyclohexanone-formaldehyde resin (CFR) was in situ modified with olive pomace (OP) in the presence of sodium hydroxide. The purpose of this study is to produce eco-friendly OP modified cyclohexanone composite resins (OPCFCR) with a one-step method that has higher condensation reaction temperature than CFR. The water absorption properties, gloss value and cross-cut adhesion properties of the product were investigated.

Cyclohexanone, formalin (37% aqueous solution) and tannin were mixed and 20% aqueous NaOH solution was added to produce the resin. OP has environmentally friendly bio-based lignin, cellulose and phenolic compounds and the OP structure has been incorporated into the structure of the CFR resin during the in situ modification, such as resole resin and polysaccharide. The weights of pomace were used as 5% and 10% of the weight of cyclohexanone in cyclohexanone-formaldehyde composite resins, respectively.

There is an improvement in the properties of the OPCFCR produced from an agricultural waste that is very abundant in Gulf of Edremit region of Balikesir. The OPCFCRs were soluble in common organic solvents. The product OPCFCR has a dark red-brown color.

The reaction mixture must be stirred continuously. Subsequently, 37% formalin was added dropwise in total while refluxing. The amount of aqueous NaOH solution is limited as the formed resin may become insoluble in common organic solvents. At the end of the reaction, a water-insoluble resin is obtained.

This study provides the application of ketonic resins. The OPCFCR containing phenolic groups may also promote the adhesive strength of a coating.

These resins may be used for the preparation of adhesive. OP, with a large amount of catechol groups, was considered for reducing the formaldehyde emission level on the adhesive system.

OPCFCR has been synthesized in the presence of a base catalyst. Environmental and ecological concerns have increased the attention paid by chemical industry to renewable raw materials.

Cyclohexanone-formaldehyde resin (CFR) was in situ modified with tannin (T) in the presence of sodium hydroxide. The purpose of this study is to produce eco-friendly tannin-modified cyclohexanone resins (TCFR) with a one-step method that has higher decomposition temperature than CFR. The solubility, molecular weight and thermal properties of the product were investigated.

Cyclohexanone, formalin (37 per cent aqueous solution) and tannin were mixed and 20 per cent aqueous NaOH solution was added to produce the resin. Tannin has environmentally friendly bio-based phenolic compounds that the tannin structure has been incorporated into the structure of the cyclohexanone formaldehyde resin during the in situ modification of resin, such as resole resin.

The improvement of the properties of the TCFRs produced from condensed tannin. TCFRs were soluble in common organic solvents. The product TCFR has a dark red colour.

The reaction mixture must be stirred continuously. Subsequently, 37 per cent formalin was added drop-wise in total while refluxing. The amount of aqueous NaOH solution of it is limited, as the formed resin may become insoluble in common organic solvents. At the end of the reaction, a water-soluble resin is obtained. Then, the water of water phase was removed from TCFR reaction system, successively by evaporating with rotary evaporator.

This study provides the application of ketonic resins. The TCFR containing tannin groups may also promote the adhesive strength of a coating.

These resins may be used for the preparation of adhesive. Condensed tannin, with a large amount of Catechol groups was considered for reducing the formaldehyde emission level on the adhesive system.

TCFR has been synthesised in the presence of a base catalyst. Environmental and ecological concerns have increased the attention paid by chemical industry to renewable raw materials.

The purpose of this paper is to report the synthesis of resins having conducting and fluorescence properties, with carbazole and oligocarbazole with a one step method of in situ modification of ketonic resin. Cyclohexanone‐formaldehyde (CFR), and acetophenone‐formaldehyde (AFR) resins were in situ modified with carbazole in the presence of sodium hydroxide.

Carbazole modified ketonic resins were synthesised by the condensation reaction of Cz, formaldehyde and ketone. Oligo carbazole was synthesised by redox reaction of carbazole and ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN). Then, for the in situ modification of oligo carbazole modified ketonic resin, reaction mixture of oligocarbazole carbazole was added to the cyclohexanone/formaldehyde solution.

The carbazole modified cyclohexanone‐formaldehyde and acetophenone formaldehyde resins have conductivity values of 10⁻⁵‐10⁻⁶ S/cm and may be considered as semi‐conductive ketonic resins. These new carbazole modified ketonic resins (CCzFR, ACzFR) have fluorescence properties.

This study focused on obtaining a conductive and fluorescence resin using a carbazole monomer which is an insulator.

This study provides technical information for the synthesis of fluorescence comonomer.

New CCzFR, ACzFR comonomers were synthesised. These comonomers have higher Tm values than CFR and AFR alone and also have fluorescence property.

In industrial applications, formaldehyde-based wood adhesives have been used extensively because of their low costs and high reactivity. However, their real-world applications are hindered by some main bottlenecks, especially the formaldehyde emission and usage of nonrenewable raw materials. The purpose of this study is the development of sustainable and formaldehyde-free wood adhesive formulation.

In this study, starch and tannin-based wood adhesive were synthesized. Chemical structures and thermal properties of the prepared bio-based resin formulations were elucidated by using Fourier transform infrared and differential scanning calorimetry analysis, respectively. Laboratory scale particleboard production was carried out to determine the performance of the developed resin formulations. Obtained results were evaluated in dry medium (P2) according to European norms EN 312 (2010). Furthermore, the board formaldehyde content was determined by using the perforator method according to the European Norm EN 12460-5.

The results show that the improved starch and tannin-based wood adhesives were successful in their adhesive capacity, and the formaldehyde content of the final product was obtained as low as 0.75 mg/100 g. This paper highlights that the presented adhesive formulations could be a potential eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative to the formaldehyde-based wood adhesives for interior particleboard production.

Starch-based resins in the liquid form needed to be continuously mixed throughout their shelf life to prevent the starch from settling because it was not possible to dissolve the precipitated starch again after a while. For this reason, starch was given to the chips in powder form while preparing the particleboard.

In conclusion, this study shows that the developed bio-based resin formulations have a high potential to be used for producing interior-grade particleboards instead of commercial formaldehyde-based wood adhesives because the obtained results generally satisfied the interior grade particleboard requirements according to European norms EN 312, P2 class (2010). In addition, it was determined that the produced boards had significantly low formaldehyde content. The low formaldehyde content of the final boards was not because of the resin but because of the natural structure of the wood raw material, press parameters and environmental factors.

The developed bio-based resin system made it possible to obtain boards with significantly low formaldehyde content compared to commercial resins.

The developed bio-based resin formulation made it possible to produce laboratory-scale board prototypes at lower press factors and board densities compared to their counterparts.

The purpose of this study is the development of sustainable and low-formaldehyde emission wood adhesive formulations.

Three-step urea formaldehyde (UF) resin has been in situ modified with calcium lignosulfonate (LS) and/or 1,4 butanediol diglycidyl ether (GE). The structural, chemical, thermal and morphological characterizations were carried out on resin samples. These resins have been applied for particleboard pressing, and UF, UF-LS and UF-GE were evaluated as P2 classes according to EN 312.

The results show that the improved LS- or diglycidyl ether-modified UF wood adhesives were successful in their adhesive capacity, and the formaldehyde content of the final product was obtained as low as 8 mg/100 g. This paper highlights that the presented adhesive formulations could be a potential eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative to formaldehyde-based wood adhesives for interior particleboard production.

Combination of LS and GE resulted in weaker mechanical properties and fulfilled P1 class particleboards due to temperature and duration conditions. Therefore, in situ usage of LS or GE in UF resins is highly recommended for particleboard pressing. Formaldehyde content of particleboards was determined with the perforator method according to EN 12460-5 and all of the particleboards exhibited E1 class. LS was more efficient in decreasing formaldehyde content than GE.

This study provides the application of particleboards with low formaldehyde emission.

The developed LS- and diglycidyl ether-modified UF resins made it possible to obtain boards with significantly low formaldehyde content compared with commercial resins.

The developed formaldehyde-based resin formulation made it possible to produce laboratory-scale board prototypes using LS or GE without sacrificing of press factors and panel quality.

Cyclohexanone–formaldehyde resin (CFR) was in situ modified with isocyanuric acid (ICA) in the presence of hydrochloric acid or p-toluenesulfonic acid by condensation polymerization. The purpose of this study is to produce isocyanuric acid-modified ketonic resins that have higher melting and decomposition temperature, and to use the produced resin in the production of fire-retardant polyurethane.

Two methods were used for in situ preparation of ICA-modified CFR in the presence of an acid catalyst. Method I: cyclohexanone, paraformaldehyde and ICA were mixed, and then an acid catalyst was added to form the modified CFR. Method II: ICA and formalin were mixed to produce N, N, N-trihydroxymethyl isocyanurate, and then water was removed under vacuum. The produced N, N, N-trihydroxymethyl isocyanurate solution was mixed with cyclohexanone and paraformaldehyde, then an acid catalyst was slowly added to this mixture to obtain ICA-modified CFR.

CFR was prepared in the presence of an acid catalyst. The product, CFR, has a dark red colour. The resulting resins have similar physical properties with the resin prepared in the presence of a basic catalyst. The solubility of ICA-modified CFR is much different than CFR in organic solvents.

This study focuses on obtaining an ICA-modified ketonic resin. Cyanuric acid has the form of an enolic structure under a basic condition; therefore, it cannot give a product with formaldehyde under basic conditions. The modification experiments were carried out in acidic conditions.

This study provides technical information for in situ modification of ketonic resin in the presence of acid catalysts. The resins may also promote the adhesive strength of the coating and provide corrosion inhibition on metal surfaces for a coating. The modified resins may also be used in the field of fire-retardant polyurethane applications.

These resins may be used for the preparation of non-toxic fire-retardant polyurethane foam. Polyurethane containing ICA-modified resin may exhibit better fire-retardant performance because of the incorporation of ICA molecule into the polyurethane structure.

ICA-modified CFRs have been synthesized in the presence of an acid catalyst, and the ICA-modified resin was used to produce fire-retardant polyurethane.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate in situ modification of cyclohexanone‐formaldehyde resins (CFR) by 4‐vinyl aniline (Van). The roles of the reaction temperature, the conductivity, thermal properties, and molecular weight of the product were investigated. CFR was in situ modified with VAn in the presence of sodium hydroxide. Ketonic resin‐bound 4‐vinyl aniline was synthesised with a one‐step method of in situ modification of ketonic resin. The roles of the reaction temperature and the conductivity of the product were investigated.

Ketone, formalin (37% aqueous solution), vinyl aniline were mixed and then 20% aqueous NaOH solution was added to produce the resin. The solubility, molecular weight and thermal properties of the products were investigated.

The 4‐vinyl aniline modified cyclohexanone‐formaldehyde resins were found to have conductivity values of 10⁻⁴ and 10⁻² S/cm and may be considered as conductive ketonic resin. Soluble and processable conductive ketonic resins were developed.

The reaction mixture of CFR must be stirred continuously at low temperature. Subsequently, 37% formalin was added dropwise in equal portions while refluxing. Temperature should be controlled to prevent the thermal polymerisation of vinyl group and higher branching of amino groups. The amount of vinyl aniline used in reaction mixture is limited since the formed resin may become insoluble in common organic solvents.

This study provides technical information for the synthesis of conducting resins. The modified resins contain vinyl groups. The chemical redox or radical system can be used to polymerise these vinyl groups and resins with much higher molecular weight may be produced. The resins may also promote the adhesive strength of a coating and corrosion inhibition to metal surfaces of a coating.

Vinyl aniline modified cyclohexanone formaldehyde resins have been synthesised in the presence of a basice catalyst. These soluble and conductive resins may overcome difficulties in the applications of conducting polymers and open new application areas. Therefore, the vinyl aniline modified resin may find a number of new application areas, as well as existing conducting resin and polymer applications.

The purpose of this paper is to describe how lignosulphonate modified ketone formaldehyde resins containing functional groups such as hydroxyl, carbonyl, phenol, were produced via in situ modification of ketone/formaldehyde resins. Cyclohexanone‐formaldehyde (CF‐R), acetophenone‐formaldehyde (AF‐R) and methyl ethyl ketone‐formaldehyde (MEKFR) resins were in situ modified with lignosulphonate in the presence of sodium hydroxide. The paper reports the synthesis of lignosulphonate‐modified resins with a one step method of in situ modification of ketonic resin. The roles of the types of the ketone, lignosulphonate concentration, the solubility, molecular weight and thermal properties of the product were investigated.

Ketone, formalin (37 per cent aqueous solution), lignosulphonate were mixed and 20 per cent aqueous NaOH solution was added to produce the resin.

There was improvement of the properties of the lignosulphonate modified ketonic resins produced from waste black liquor. The lignosulphonate modified ketone‐formaldehyde resins were soluble in common organic solvents.

The reaction mixture must be stirred continuously. Subsequently, 37 per cent formalin was added dropwise in total while refluxing. The amount of aqueous NaOH solution is limited since the formed resin may become insoluble in common organic solvents. The water was removed from MEKFR, successively by evaporating with rotary evaporator.

This study provides the application of ketonic resins. The modified ketonic resins containing lignosulphonate groups may also promote the adhesive strength of a coating. The cell walls of various cell types of plants, for example, wood fibres, vessels, and tracheid, have lignin as an important constituent. It constitutes 20‐30 per cent of the weight of wood.

Lignosulphonate modified ketonic resins have been synthesized in the presence of a base catalyst. These resins have higher Tg or Tm values and molecular weight than CFR and AFR alone and also have thermoset property. Environmental and ecological concerns have increased the attention paid by the chemical industry to renewable raw materials.

The purpose of this paper is to synthesise cyclohexanone formaldehyde resin (CFR)‐modified carbazole‐9‐carbonyl chloride (CzCl) via hydroxyl groups of CFR. This carbazole‐modified resin (Cz‐CFR) comonomer was characterised by common techniques such as UV, NMR, FTIR, fluorescence spectrophotometer, and scanning electron microscopy. The oxidative and electrochemical polymerisation of CzCl‐modified cyclohexanone formaldehyde resin (Cz‐CFR) were carried out.

Cz‐CFR comonomer was synthesised by the esterification reaction of CzCl and hydroxyl groups of CFR. Then, for the chemical polymerisation, ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN)/DMF solution was added to the comonomer/DMF solution. The precipitate was filtered, washed with chloroform and dried. For the electrochemical polymerisation, potentiodynamic electrodeposition of Cz‐CFR comonomer in dichloromethane on to Pt was carried out.

The concentration effect of CAN and Cz‐CFR on the conductivity, yield, solubility and T_g values of the polymers (P(Cz‐CFR)) were investigated. Spectrophotometric (UV‐visible, NMR), and cyclovoltammetric, polarisation curves, solid‐state conductivity and in situ spectroelectrochemical measurements were performed for the characterisation of homopolymer (polycarbazole (PCz)) and P (Cz‐CFR) films comparatively. The ionisation potentials (I_p), electron affinity (E_a), optical band gap (E_g), peak potentials (E_p), doping degree (y), and specific capacitance (C_sp), of polymer films were calculated from the results of polarisation curves, cyclovoltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.

This paper focuses on obtaining a conductive polymer by using a fluorescence comonomer, which is an insulator.

This work provides technical information for the synthesis of fluorescence comonomer and conducting an alternative polymer.

The paper describes how a new Cz‐CFR comonomer was synthesised. This comonomer has a higher T_g value than CFR alone and also has fluorescence property. Cz‐CFR was polymerised by ceric salt and by electrochemical polymerisation. The band gap of the copolymer is not remarkably lower than polycarbazole.

The purpose of the research was as follows. In situ modified urea formaldehyde resins were prepared from clay (montmorillonite) and organoclay in the presence of base catalyst. Different clay contents (1 wt%, 3 wt%, 6 wt%) were used to produce clay modified nanocomposite resins. These nanocomposites were characterized with FT‐IR, XRD as structural analysis and DSC as thermal analysis and their hardness was evaluated as mechanical analysis. The thermal results was compatible with hardness measurements and showed that using clay/organoclay added resin as a surface coating material provides significant improvement.

During synthesis of the resin, modification was carried out using urea/formaldehyde with molar ratio of 1/1.6, under basic medium with pH=10 and with temperature of 70°C by loading pristine and organomodified layered silicates.

X‐ray diffraction (XRD) results indicate that the interlayer space of pristine clay was increased significantly by one step, seeing that one step processes are crucial for industrial applications.

The reaction mixture must be stirred continuously. Temperature should be controlled in order to prevent the thermal curing of urea formaldehyde resin.

This study provides technical information for the synthesis of nanocomposite resins. The clay or organoclay modified resins may also promote the adhesive strength of coating and also inhibit corrosion effects to metal surfaces of the coated area.

This resin will be used for the coating material.

As T_g‐T_m region of some nanocomposites is enhanced, and by assessing the results of hardness measurements, it is concluded that these samples have further improved mechanical properties as a coating material than urea formaldehyde resin has.